Why You Should Purchase A PC

PCs can do more things consistently. There are numerous points of interest to realizing how to utilize a PC, and it is significant that everybody realize how to utilize them appropriately. Utilizing the data I have accumulated, and my own insight from my 12 years of PC experience, I will clarify the numerous favorable circumstances of possessing a PC and realizing how to utilize a PC and I will endeavor to clarify why you should buy a PC and figure out how to utilize one appropriately. Webster’s New World Compact Dictionary characterizes a PC as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs quick, complex computations or arranges and corresponds ata† (†Computer. ). While this definition gives one an extremely thin perspective on what a PC can do, it depicts the essential thoughts of what I will develop. We have been surviving a period of PCs for a brief timeframe now and there are as of now numerous individuals worldwide that are PC proficient. As indicated by Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, more than 250 million Personal Computers (PC’s) were being used by 1995, and one out of each three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman,& Waggoner, 138). PCs are anything but difficult to utilize when you know how they work and what the parts re. All PCs play out the four essential activities of the data preparing cycle: input, procedure, yield, and capacity. Information, any sort of crude realities, is required for the handling cycle to happen. Information is handled into valuable data by the PC equipment. Most PC frameworks comprise of a screen, a framework unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-plate drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a console, a mouse, and a printer. Every segment takes a section in one of the four activities. The console and mouse are input gadgets that an individual uses to enter information nto the PC. From that point the information goes to the framework unit where it is prepared into helpful data the PC can comprehend and work with. Next the prepared information can be sent to capacity gadgets or to yield gadgets. Typically yield is sent to the screen and put away on the hard-circle or to a floppy-plate found interior of the framework unit. Yield can likewise be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound contingent upon the structure it takes after it is handled. When you have gotten a handle on an essential comprehension of the fundamental parts and perations of a PC, you can before long find what you can do with PCs to make life simpler and increasingly pleasant. Being PC educated permits you to utilize numerous amazing programming applications and utilities to accomplish work for school, business, or delight. Microsoft is the current driving maker of a considerable lot of these applications and utilities. Microsoft produces programming considered working frameworks that oversee and control the data handling cycle. The most seasoned of these is MS-DOS, a solitary client framework that utilizations composed orders to start undertakings. As of now Microsoft has accessible working frameworks that utilization viewable prompts, for example, symbols to help enter information and run programs. These working frameworks are ran under a domain called a Graphical User Interface (GUI’s). Such working frameworks incorporate Windows 3. xx, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation. Windows 95 is designed more for use in the home for efficiency and game playing though Windows NT is more business orientated. The article entitled â€Å"Mine, All Mine† in the June 5, 1995 issue of Time expressed that 8 out of 10 PC’s worldwide would not have the option to begin or run on the off chance that it were not for Microsoft’s working frameworks like MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT (Elmer-Dewitt, 1995, p. 50). In no way, shape or form has Microsoft constrained itself to working frameworks alone. Microsoft has additionally delivered a product bundle called Microsoft Office that is valuable in making reports, information bases, spreadsheets, introductions, and different records for school and work. Microsoft Office: Introductory Concepts and Techniques gives a point by point, bit by bit way to deal with the four projects remembered for Microsoft Office. Remembered for this bundle are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a word preparing program cap makes making proficient looking archives, for example, declarations, resumes, letters, address books, and reports simple to do. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has highlights for information association, estimations, dynamic, and diagramming. It is exceptionally valuable in making proficient looking reports. Microsoft Access, an amazing database the board framework, is helpful in making and preparing information in a database. Microsoft PowerPoint is â€Å".. a total introduction designs program that permits you to deliver proficient looking presentations† (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2). PowerPoint is adaptable enough with the goal that you can make electronic introductions, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. Microsoft additionally creates amusement and reference programs. â€Å"Microsoft’s Flight Simulator is extraordinary compared to other selling PC rounds of all time† (Elmer-Dewitt, 50). Microsoft’s Encarta is an electronic CD-ROM reference book that makes for an awesome option in contrast to 20 or more volume book reference books. Truth be told, it is so well known, it beats the Encyclopedia Britannica. These ground-breaking business, efficiency, and amusement applications are only the start of what you a do with a PC. Realizing how to utilize the Internet will permit you access to an immense asset of realities, information, data, and amusement that can assist you with accomplishing work and have a great time. As per Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. , â€Å"the Internet is an assortment of systems, every one of which is made out of an assortment of littler networks† (Shelly, Cashman, and Jordan, N2). Data can be sent over the Internet through correspondence lines as designs, sound, video, movement, and text. These types of PC media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is gotten to through hypertext joins, which are pointers to the PC where the hypermedia is put away. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the assortment of these hypertext interfaces all through the Internet. Every PC that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web webpage and has Web pages set up for clients to get to the hypermedia. Programs, for example, Netscape permit individuals to â€Å"surf the net† and quest for their preferred hypermedia. There are a large number of instances of hypermedia on the Internet. You can discover workmanship, photographs, data on business, the administration, and schools, TV chedules, film audits, music verses, online news and magazines, sport sights of different sorts, games, books, and a huge number of other hypermedia on the WWW. You can send electronic mail (E-Mail), talk with different clients around the globe, purchase aircraft, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a vehicle. The entirety of this, and the sky is the limit from there, gives one a boundless flexibly of data for research, business, diversion, or other individual use. Online administrations, for example, America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it considerably simpler to get to the intensity of the Internet. The Internet alone is nearly reason enough to become PC proficient, yet there is still significantly more that PCs can do. Realizing how to utilize a PC permits you to do an assortment of things in a few unique manners. One of the most well known use for PCs today is for playing computer games. With a PC you can play games, reenactment games, sport games, methodology games, battling games, and experience games. Today’s innovation gives a definitive encounters in shading, illustrations, sound, music, full movement video, liveliness, and 3D impacts. PCs have likewise become progressively helpful n the music, film, and broadcast business. PCs can be utilized to form music, make audio cues, make enhancements, make 3D life-like liveliness, and include past existing film and TV film into new projects, as found in the film Forrest Gump. This and more should be possible with PCs. There is genuinely no time like the present to become PC proficient. PCs will do considerably more things later on and will get unavoidable. Buying and finding out about another PC currently will help put PC’s into the other 66% of the homes worldwide and make the change into a PC age simpler.

Perceptions Of Parents Towards Children With Disabilities Education Essay

Neinstein et Al. ( 2008 ) characterized the term specific children as those â€Å" who have or at expanded peril for ceaseless physical, formative, conduct or passionate status and who other than require wellbeing and related administrations of a kind or whole past that required by kids all around † ( p. 1057 ) . In the US, 54 million are crippled or 19 % of the whole populace. Among kids somewhere in the range of five and 17 mature ages old enough, simply 5 % had disablements ( American Community Survey, 2008 ) . The worry of this overview is the way guardians see the nearness of a child with disablements in the family unit. In influenced families, the obligations and requests in the family significant expansion complex. The mode where guardians exchange with the child ‘s disablement warrants significant going to in look into since they are extremely defenseless against accentuate. A superior understanding of the proposed study will require misgiving of two remarkable footings, accentuation and header. Worry, by definition is a threat or worry that is either existent or seen from the outside universe affecting the parent when the interest surpasses the accessible assets. The reaction of the single towards accentuation impacts the individual each piece great as nature ( Levine, 2005 ; Russell, 2007 ) . The accentuation hypothetical records of Lazarus and Folkman portrayed get bying as the achievements, assets, and encounters of a man in pull offing both interior and outer requests of frightening cases ( Knussen and A ; Sloper, 1992 ) . In noticeable radiation of distributed research on this skilled undertaking, hurt is higher among 70 % and 40 % of female guardians and male guardians, severally. Moreover, both parental hurt and family activity influence kids in arranged manners psychologically, typically, and socially. At the point when guardians gain proficiency with their child is truly or intellectually impaired, their lives will modify well since it will be loaded up with compelling feelings, convoluted conclusions, and connections set up with a figure of specializers and experts. From the outset, guardians would encounter altogether and protect themselves socially. They may non other than have the insight to look for help, misgiving, and help ( Mc Gill, 2003 ) . Therefore, family unit individuals all the more much of the time see sing conjugal struggle, cultural disengagement and sorrow. A few guardians endure sentiments of distrust, profound despondency, self-fault, blame while others feel powerless, inconsis tent, irate, or stunned. It is exhibited in surveies that the outcome of the disablement is suffered by the family as a unit. Estimating the perceptual encounters of guardians will gracefully an opportunity in better fear how families respect the accentuation brought roughly by the nearness of an impaired child in the family. The study will be proposed by keeping up in head the way that the figure of children with disabilitiesis expanding around the world. In helping society go progressively insightful of both physical and mental disablements, its different constituents ought to together work together in the wake of diagnosing of the child ‘s disablement so proxy belief of the situation in the family unit. An ever increasing number of families go up against alone stressors and solid strategies for get bying ought to be instructed. As wellbeing experts, guardians should chief nail the activity, measure the situation, and pull off it in a mode in which the impaired child is acceptable balanced in the family unit lastly society so their achievements will be ideally utilized. Explanation of the Problem In its push to go to issues partner to understanding family methods, the points of the study will focus on look intoing the perceptionsof guardians on the child with disablements and reporting the various encounters of the guardians as they experience harrowing occasions in providing for the requests of their specific children. The plan of this review is to infer cognizance about the historical backdrop of the family unit and the guardians ‘ experience in a split second after the diagnosing of her child ‘s disablement. In particular, this review will flexibly answers to the resulting points: Profile the family units with specific children in footings of: kind of disablement of child ; figure of children ; business of guardians ; and net month to month pay of the family unit 2. Report the underlying responses when the guardians found their children ‘s disablements 3. Decide the disposition of the guardians toward their child with disablement 4. Decide the methods of get bying among the parentsof specific children Essentialness of the Study The central reason for the study is locate the perceptual encounters of the guardians whose child is either truly or intellectually debilitated. Results of the review will regard the adherents: Relatives. Raising a specific child is a troublesome endeavor that may take to a bunch of accentuation on the segment of the parent especially the female parent. Fruitful header is basic, and one way of get bying incorporates procuring data from experts, different guardians, and composed assets so as to larn about child ‘s disablement, how to pull off their conduct and requests, and how to happen assets that may benefit the child. This overview will break fit family unit individuals in better header with the requests of holding a specific child. Academe. The discoveries of the overview may other than work as additional examination writing in the review of accentuation. Understudies would other than go perceptive of the status of children with disablements and their female guardians. With this data, suitable mediation will be directed. Specific guidance teachers. Specific educators are perceptive of the significance of working with the family units of specific children and look for extremely hard to do the lives of their students ‘ guardians simpler. It is difficult for specific teachers to design instructive closures for understudies with disablements that are sensible to the family. It is hard on the grounds that specific instructors have little insight of the family unit ‘s experience on which to set up judgments. It is difficult to precisely interpret the parent ‘s encounters or comprehend the family unit ‘s closes for their child in light of the fact that the experience of the family is obscure to specific instructors. Guardians of children with disablements. The guardians of children with disablements will be the central donees from the outcomes of the study. The interventions that will be drafted is would have liked to deliver positive outcomes taking to sound and cherishing family units. Meaning of footings Chemical imbalance. This term alludes to a disablement described by hindered cultural association, conveying and confined, relentless conduct. Cerebral loss of motion. This term alludes to the gathering of non-dynamic, non-infectious conditions that cause physical disablement. Down disorder. This term alludes to the familial miracle causes by the nearness of all or part of an abundance chromosome 21. Net month to month family unit salary. This variable alludes to the month to month pay of the family. Hearing harm. This term alludes to full or halfway reducing in the capacity to watch or get sounds. Learning disablement. This term alludes to a gathering of upsets that influence capacity to talk, tune in, read, create, spell, ground, and structure data. Mental deceleration. This term alludes to a summed up upset, portrayed by underneath mean psychological activity and deficiencies. Occupation. This variable alludes to the offices of help of the male guardians and female guardians in the overview. Kind of disablement. This variable alludes to the harm of the child which could be larning disablement, hearing harm, visual harm, mental deceleration, social employment, chemical imbalance, address deformity, and scholarly loss of motion. Reasonable/hypothetical Model Fitting to Hussain and Juyal ( 2007 ) , the introduction of a child well influences family unit kineticss. Guardians and other family unit individuals principal experience modifications so as to suit to the power per unit territory of holding another part. On the off chance that the new family part is seen as handicapped, family unit kineticss will be profoundly influenced. An impaired child regularly is portrayed with social limits, which as a rule shape parent-kin communications. Subsequently the child requires specific consideration and modifications. Groups of impaired children vary in their cultural disposition, conduct, and quality of relationship as opposed to family units whose children have no physical or mental disablement. Family endeavors to initially develop cognizance at work went up against by the child, recognize it, chase for its motivation, so explore further for cogency. Despite the fact that holding an impeded child does non needfully deliver emergency in the fami ly, the disgrace of the disablement forced by society has a provoking result on the guardians and the family unit all in all. Ordinarily the responses are dismissal, backdown, sorrow, blame, implication, forswearing or trustworthiness. Marcelino ( 2009 ) composed that guardians experience five phases when covering with kids with disablements in the family unit. The principal stage is named the shock stage which is regularly the quick reaction of a parent after the diagnosing of their child. In this stage, the parent might be sleeping and unfit to coordinate or perceive the graduated table of the occasion. Besides, the parent might be complicated inwardly, befuddled, incapacitated, questionable, and nonsensical. The second is alluded to as the response stage which ischaracterized by anguish, despondency, and uneasiness. Guardians may here and there experience powerless, lost, and exceptionally uncertain of themselves. Some would encounter that their goals for their children have vanished. Others would fall back to self implication asserting the disablement is a direct result of hapless youngster raising examples. They may wait in this stage for rather some clasp and go accommodating to their predetermination. All th e more no

Indie Press Round-Up February New Releases and More

Indie Press Round-Up February New Releases and More Im excited about the independent press books I have to share with you this month! Independent presses are putting out so many important books for our times. I didnt plan this, but I ended up reading two books about Iran that explore key moments in the nations history and explore how people survive in chaotic times. I also have a book from Argentina, one from South Korea, one from Spain, and one from Belgium. They explore everything from grief to political unrest to adolescent angst to rich people behaving badly. Five of the books featured below are in translation. Now seems like a particularly good time to read books from around the world  and  to read books published by small presses. Small presses dont have huge publicity budgets, so it can be hard for them to get the word out about their books. But so often the quality of what they publish is stellar. Its worth it to look past the books that get all the hype and try something lesser-known but possibly amazing! Independent Press Books Ive Read and Loved Include Me Out by Maria Sonia Cristoff, Translated by Katherine Silver (Transit Books, February 4) Mara is a simultaneous interpreter who has had enough of talking. She moves to a small Argentinian town to start a new life and takes a job as a museum guard. All she wants is to quietly observe the world and follow the ten rules of silence in her manual of rhetoric. But then she gets involved in an embalming project for the museum and is drawn out of her solitude. Her attempts to stay true to her desires take her into some increasingly bizarre situations. Interspersed throughout this story are sections from a notebook that look at history, travel accounts, the evolutionary development of local animals, and more. Mara is a fascinating character: single-minded, determined, unconventional. Include Me Out  is genre-bending and delightfully strange, with one of the most memorable protagonists in recent fiction. trans(re)lating house one by Poupeh Missaghi (Coffee House Press, February 4) This is a novel for readers who like books that ask questions and explore ideas. It follows a woman searching Tehran for missing statues in the aftermath of the 2009 presidential election protests in Iran. She rides buses, visits galleries and teahouses, and meets strangers with important messages for her. Interspersed among sections telling her story are passages where a narrator contemplates the searching womans quest and asks questions about memory, documentation, violence, and what we owe the dead. The novel also incorporates passages on these issues from a range of philosophers and writers. It includes accounts of people who lost their lives in the protests. Its a multi-layered, wide-ranging exploration of how we grapple with loss, how we memorialize the dead, and how we best live our lives. My Part of Her  by Javad Djavahery, Translated by Emma Ramadan (Restless Books, February 11) Javad Djavahery is an exiled Iranian writer living in Paris.  My Part of Her opens with a group of young people spending idyllic summers in the 1970s swimming in the Caspian Sea. For two months, they live in a small town on the beach finding ways to amuse and enjoy themselves. But the narrator, it turns out, is writing the book as a confession. Darkness enters the story as he describes how he manipulates his friends and his cousin Nilou for his own ends and commits an act of betrayal that haunts him. And worse things happen, as the Iranian Revolution begins and everyone has to figure out how to negotiate a world turned upside down. The story is a powerful portrait of youth with all its turmoil and confusion and what can happen when ordinary people find themselves caught up in world-transforming political change. b, Book, and Me by Kim Sagwa, Translated by Sunhee Jeong (Two Lines Press, February 11) Two friends, Rang and b, have only each other. They are teenagers living in a South Korean city and struggling with poverty, loneliness, and bullying. Their friendship helps them deal with neglect from parents and teachers. Together, they dream of escape. But then Rang betrays b by writing about her dying sister, and their friendship falls apart. They are alone once again, and this time they are even more vulnerable than before. The novel captures how dark life can be for teenagers and how difficult it can be for them to find their way forward. Kim Sagwa writes unsparingly about their isolation and unhappiness, and the world she evokes is mysterious but unwelcoming, with its dangerous ocean, polluting factory, and untrustworthy adults. b, Book, and Me is a bracing read, one that looks with honesty on the losses that come with becoming an adult. Garden by the Sea  by Mercè Rodoreda, Translated by Martha Tennent and Maruxa Relaño (Open Letter, February 18) Originally published in 1967, this novel takes place in a villa in Spain in the 1920s. Its told from the perspective of a gardener who works for a wealthy couple who summers by the sea with their friends. The gardener lovingly cares for his plants while watching the goings-on of the villa owners and exchanging gossip with his fellow servants. The owners and guests paint, swim, ride, and generally have an idyllic time. But trouble creeps in, partly in the form of a next-door neighbor who is building a villa even bigger than theirs. Over the course of six summers, the gardener watches the changes occurring around him and inevitably plays a part in the drama. He vividly describes the garden and seaside landscapes as well as the sometimes-horrid behavior of the wealthy. The novel is atmospheric and melancholy, and movingly captures a century-old time and place. My Mother Laughs  by Chantal Akerman, Translated by Corina Copp (The Song Cave, 2019) Chantal Akerman was a Belgian artist and film director as well as writer. Originally published in 2013,  My Mother Laughs is her last book before her death in 2015. Its a memoir about caring for her mother, a holocaust survivor, who was gravely ill at the time. Their relationship was complex, and Akerman struggles with their history and her own depression. She is trying to understand her feelings about family and her lover, C., with whom she has a fraught relationship. Akermans sentences are elegantly simple even as they capture depths of emotion. Accompanying the text are photographs and film stills that complement the stories Akerman tells. Its a beautiful book, both in the writing and as an object. Anyone who has loved Akermans films will be interested, as well as anyone who admires honest, haunting writing about illness, care-taking, family, and love. More Independent Press Books For Your TBR And finally, here are some more independent press books out this month that I’m adding to my TBR, and you might want to add to yours. Here I Am by Pauline Holdstock (Biblioasis, February 4): a novel about a boy who stows away on an ocean liner after the death of his mother. Dressed for a Dance in the Snow: Womens Voices from the Gulag  by Monika Zgustova, translated by Julie Jones (Other Press, February 4): in the vein of Svetlana Alexievich, Monika Zgustova has collected stories of womens experiences in Stalins labor camps. The Freedom Artist  by Ben Okri (Akashic Books, February 4): a young woman, Amalantis, is arrested for asking Who is the prisoner? and her lover, Karnak, searches for her. The Toni Morrison Book Club  by Juda Bennett, Winnifred Brown-Glaude, Cassandra Jackson, and Piper Kendrix Williams (University of Wisconsin Press, February 4): a group memoir by four friends who use Toni Morrisons novels as the starting place to discuss their lives. A Map Is Only One Story: Twenty Writers on Immigration, Family, and the Meaning of Home  edited by Nicole Chung and Mensah Demary (Catapult, February 11): a collection of personal essays that highlight the human side of immigration policy and explore home, travel, belonging, and existing in between cultures. Looking for even more great independent press books? Check out my round-ups from December  and January.    

Big Impacts On My Childhood - 1663 Words

When I think of big impacts on my childhood, heroes are definitely near the top. Whether it was Legolas from Lord of the Rings or Lara Croft in Tomb Raider, I wanted to save the world. Maybe that s why I fell in love with comics early on. I wanted the admiration from my peers that these heroes got from me, and yet, the world doesn t work that way. I realized pretty quickly that it wasn t like in the movies and comics. The world didn t exist to give you a pat on the back whenever you did a good deed. Maybe that s why from the moment I picked up my first XMEN comic, I fell in love. FINALLY there were heroes who lived in a more realistic society. The world they protected, shunned them. They were spat on by those they saved.Here I was, a geeky, straight A, small, spindly little fourth grader with glasses and flood pants who had always tried to be the hero. Finally I had found a group of people who were as unappreciated as I felt. It seems as though many others felt that way too, and quickly Xmen became Marvels’ crowning glory, yet as the newest generation rolls in, Marvel has had a stroke of luck with a film deal of the Avengers series, and of course the population eats it up. It seems as though Marvel has been putting a lot of effort into anything Avengers since Fox owns the rights to Xmen. This unfortunate fact makes me bitter because Xmen contains much more positive messaging for audiences than the currently more successful Avengers. Xmen hasn’t been getting much lo veShow MoreRelatedThe Influences and Impacts of Settings on Characters and Readers1445 Words   |  6 Pagesmastermind behind the short story â€Å"The Secret Lion,† utilizes his brilliant writing style to carefully devise an intricate double-setting that is simple, effective, and innocent. It reminds the reader how precious life is. The setting influences and impacts not only the main character, but the reader as well, who can also relate back to the story being told. Developed settings help the reader soak in all the details and understand the underlying themes to a short story. â€Å"The Secret Lion† breaks downRead MoreThe Arguement of Parental Responsibility to Teach Health Habits in â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home,† Daniel Weintraub512 Words   |  3 Pagesargument that parents are to blame for childhood obesity is correct to a certain extent but he fails to realize that fast food company’s marketing and advertising to young children also plays a big part in the problem. Parents are naturally responsible for their kids eating habits. They have a huge impact on whether their kids want to eat healthy or unhealthy, or whether they want to watch TV or get up and go exercise. Obesity may not seem to be such a big deal as a young child, but it will becomeRead MoreHow Modern Culture Is Affecting Childhood1384 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will discuss about how modern culture is affecting childhood. There are so many things affecting our habits or behavior. Technology and social environment in the modern days gave us a big impact in most of the childhood life as most of the children played with electronic gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, or computer. In the olden days, children usually play with their friends and neighbor. They do not have fancy toys to play in the past, so they usually played with traditionalRead MoreTechnology : The Application Of Scientific Knowledge1159 Words   |  5 Pagesand continually playing around my house. My mom always sang to me in the morning and in the car my parents would play Dean Martin CD’s, which now I have picked back up into my music taste, along with Frank Sinatra. Because of these types of technology in my childhood I am how I am today. Even though VHS is out of date, I still own VHS tapes of movies like: The Aristocats, - The Fox and The Hound, and all sorts of other original Disney movies. I wish I still owned my little TV with the VHS playerRead MoreThe Curriculum And Curriculum For Excellence Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesEarly childhood education curriculums are becoming a national curriculum in most countries. With more governments and society thinking about education of under-fives we are seeing shifts in thinking and education to meet the changing world. We are developing children skills for the future to create a society where children feel they belong and can contribute to society. Curriculums are being influenced my social, political, cultural, historical and theoretical issues that are impacting differentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Children Can Not Combat Obesity1158 Words   |  5 Pages Childhood Obesity Jesus Dorado DeVry University Prewriting My narrowed topic is that parents need to play a bigger role in helping reduce childhood obesity. Children cannot combat obesity by themselves. My primary audience consists of parents of children (ages 7-12). This is my primary audience because parents of young children should be aware of the potential dangers of childhood obesity. If parents do not teach their children how to make healthy decisions, their children will beRead MoreSummary Of Where I Came From 947 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle class family raised along my three brothers by two christian parents. I am the youngest brother at 19 years old, Elijah is 21, Cody is 23 and Brome is 25. We have always had pets growing up, including the three I remember most, our dog, Sugar, and our two cats, Kitty and Lizzie. My life was fairly uneventful, I don’t have any life changing experiences or testimonies that put me where I am today, but I am very happy with all of that and I wouldn’t give up my childhood for anybody else s. GrowingRead MoreThe Effects Of Psychological Development On The Development Of An Individual s Psychological Makeup1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthe public to ignore the obvious changes to his physical appearance and behaviors whether genetical or medically mutated. The many negative forces surrounding him as a child had an enormous impact on his psychological development. Michael Jackson’s childhood was not like the average American children. Childhood seemed to be nonexistent in young Michael’s life and being managed by an overbearing father did not help. Joe Jackson raised his children the way he himself was raised. Jackson says his fatherRead MorePolicy Priority Issue : Childhood Obesity1259 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Priority Issue: Childhood Obesity The widespread of childhood obesity in Illinois has required that the state establish and implement â€Å"The Obesity Prevention Initiative Act† and Illinois Alliance to Prevent obesity. The Obesity Prevention Initiative Act was started in 2010, to address the need of starting a campaign that focuses on changing the sugary snacks and beverage provided in schools. The focus is on educating parents of children in the communities to facilitate the success of the policyRead MoreDescriptive Essay On Childhood1745 Words   |  7 PagesPBNJ Stuffed with Potato Chips and Cheese Doodles Sandwich plus an Enormous Sneeze characterized my Fourth-Grade School Year. This trio of food, event, along with place marked my entire life. Many of us carry secrets from childhood. These memories color the world, but moreover, brand our character as well as behavior. In my opinion, these imprinting events impact the emotional, including psychological, development of a child, likewise adult. Life-alte ring imprinting events spare only but a few. I

The Apostle Paul, Saint Augustine Martin Luther Essay

The Apostle Paul, Saint Augustine Martin Luther Their impact on the Christian Faith March 12, 2009 The Apostle Paul, Saint Augustine, and Martin Luther have been three very important figures in the Christian church. Each went through a unique personal experience that changed the course of their lives. Those experiences were important to them and they should be important to anyone of the Christian faith. In this research paper I will explore these experiences and how they do and do not relate to each other. The Apostle Paul Paul was born with the name of Saul, in Tarsus of Cilicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He was born both a†¦show more content†¦Saint Augustine Augustine was born at Thagaste, a small town in the Roman province of Numidia in North Africa. His mother was a devout Christian, but his father never embraced the Christian faith. He received a classical education that both schooled him in Latin literature and enabled him to escape from his provincial upbringing. Trained at Carthage in rhetoric, which was a requisite for a legal or political career in the Roman empire, he became a teacher of rhetoric in Carthage, in Rome, and finally in Milan, a seat of imperial government at the time. At Milan, in 386, Augustine underwent religious conversion. He retired from his public position, received baptism from Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, and soon returned to North Africa. In 391, he was ordained to the priesthood in Hippo Regius and five years later he became bi shop. After the fall of Rome and the pagan attacks that blamed Christians for it, St. Augustine set out to meet the challenge. In 413 he started the City of God which was completed in 426, twenty-two books later. In his books, St. Augustine divides the human race into two parts, â€Å"the one consisting of those who live according to man, the other of those who live according to God. And these we also mystically call the two cities, or the two communities of men, of which the one is predestined to reign eternally with God, and the other to suffer eternal punishment with the devil.†(E Show MoreRelatedTheological Understandings of Mediated Grace2903 Words   |  12 Pagesdiscord and disunity, but a greater appreciation of the immense horizon of grace as perceived by humanity. Perhaps the most obvious example of this is the clash between Martin Luther and the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church (represented here by their Decree on Justification that was presented at the Coun cil of Trent). Luther saw grace as the way to salvation, while the Catholic Church intimated that grace itself was salvation. In his treatise on Christian Liberty, he said â€Å"very great care mustRead MoreA Letter From The Birmingham Jail1110 Words   |  5 Pageslogical to argue that the structure of â€Å"A Letter from the Birmingham Jail† resembles that of a sermon which is aimed at an audience much larger than that of just eight clergymen. Through his brilliant use of persuasive methods and emotional appeal, Martin Luther King turns a simple response to a letter into a national cause for white support to combat segregation. He begins his letter by stating that he is writing this letter â€Å"while confined here in the Birmingham City Jail† (King 2). However althoughRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail And Joe I Lost My Talk 1443 Words   |  6 PagesLIBS 7001 Mid-Term Essay King â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† and Joe â€Å"I Lost My Talk† Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter From Birmingham Jail and Rita Joe’s poem, I Lost My Talk share the controversial topic of racial injustice, recalling horrific events of the past all leading up to the sole purpose of asking for help. With both writers having personal experiences tied to these texts, we come face-to-face with the awful truths behind racial and cultural genocides and are left wondering whether or notRead MoreA Comparison of Letter From Birmingham City Jail and I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1903 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King Jr., one of the greatest speakers for the Black civil rights movement, had written many great works in his time. Two of his pieces stand out as his greatest works, Letter from Birmingham City Jail; a letter written from a jail in Birmingham where he was arrested for demonstrating peacefully, to clergymen who didnt agree with his views, and I Have a Dream; a speech given by King in front of the Washington Memorial at a huge civil rights tea party. BothRead MoreEssay on Unifying the Church1814 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Miriam-Webster’s dictionary defines unity as the state of being in full agreement. When one reads the Bible it is clear that God’s will is for the church to be unified. In I Corinthians 1:10 the Apostle Paul instructs the church to be perfectly joined together in mind and speech and to have no divisions among them. Today we see various denominations, or as defined in Miriam-Webster’s dictionary, religious organizations united in their adherence to its beliefs and practices. This raisesRead MoreDr Martin Luther King Jrs Influence on the Social and Political Culture of the Country2658 Words   |  11 Pagesof the country as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Kings most formative writings and sermons dated from when he was just a teenager in seminary school (Kuruvila, 2007). Kings character was formed within the forge of the Christian faith. It was from a firm bedrock in Christianity that Kings concepts of morality and spiritual justice sprouted. However, Kings politic al and social activism also bore roots in the rich soil of philosophy. As Blakely (2001) points out, As Martin moved on to the seminaryRead MoreTheology- Church and Sacraments4375 Words   |  18 PagesSacraments† by Victoria D. Corral, Ed.D. Et al. No other reference was used in the makings. The 12 chosen apostles of Jesus Christ were the first footsteps taken to the creation of the Church, which was born from the Father’s plan in order to continue the mission He had done and that is to proclaim the Kingdom of God. The early Christian community was the beginning of the Church as each apostle begins the journey of spreading His Word to all nations. Despite the universal acceptance of the many, itRead MoreThe Importance Of Religions1745 Words   |  7 Pagesor â€Å"not their own†. That is the polar opposite of what we desire for the â€Å"indigenous church† (a term borrowed from Melvin Hodge). The church is a united network of multicultural, multiethnic, and international groups who work for a single purpose. Paul uses the analogy of the human body quite befittingly in regard to the Body of Christ. (â€Å"The Indigenous Church† by Melvin Hodge. Title quoted not line from book) Because of the Dunning’s use of sustainable missions, the church is not only growing inRead MoreSt.Jerome Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagessuperficial escapades and wanton behaviour of students there, which he indulged in quite casually but for which he suffered terrible bouts of repentance afterwards. To appease his  conscience, he would visit on Sundays the  sepulchers  of the  martyrsand the  Apostles  in the catacombs. This experience would remind him of the terrors of  hell: Often I would find myself entering those crypts, deep dug in the earth, with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead, where everything was so dark that

Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018] Free Essays

our site: Dissertation Topics in Education 1.0. Introduction The aim of this guide is to aid in selecting Dissertation Topics in Education and to give practical assistance in how to structure said work. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018] or any similar topic only for you Order Now Education dissertations cover a wide range, from child development and early years education to the impact of government policy. Generally, writing an Education dissertation involves careful selection of the research question, how to design the data collection vehicle and how to interpret the results. 2.0. Categories and Dissertation Titles 2.1. The Influence on Achievement of Social Factors such as Class, Gender and Ethnicity The degree to which Piaget’s concept of a fixed developmental sequence in children is a social construct: critically evaluate in relation to research into the developmental experience of ethnic minority children in the UK. Has the ‘Narrowing the Gap’ agenda made a significant difference to the achievement of any underachieving group in UK schools. Evaluate in relation to the experience of one such group. In what ways does the ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ of gender differentiation influence classroom interactions in secondary school. A qualitative study. The impact of financial cuts to local authority central support services for children from ethnic minorities: a qualitative study of the impact on primary schools. Monolingualism and bilingualism; how do young children with a home language other than English fare in Early Years education: a qualitative study of Foundation stage. 2.2. Child Development To what extent is Bowlby et al’s emphasis on mother-child attachment a product of its social and cultural backgroundEvaluate in relation to more recent research emphasizing the importance of significant others in a child’s development. How important is play in promoting success in early literacy; a quantitative study. The more limited a child’s experiences with language and literacy the more likely he or she will have difficulty learning to read. Evaluate this statement in the light of recent research. Teacher knowledge, respect and support for the diversity of children’s families, cultures, and linguistic backgrounds are as important in early literacy development as high quality teaching: a qualitative study. 2.3. Parents and schools Do activities which link home and school improve children’s achievement: a qualitative study. How important is the link between supportive parental involvement and children’s early literacy development: a qualitative study/ Do primary school teachers view parents as assets: a qualitative study. 2.4. Curriculum Should curriculum and assessment be more closely linked and what methods could be used to achieve this. Evaluate in relation to the experience of secondary school children. Has the National Curriculum been a successCritically examine in the light of research into pupils perceptions. Using IT for teaching for literacy, maths and science: a qualitative study of teacher’s perceptions. Is the ‘dumbing down’of exams a reality or a media creation : a qualitative study of GCSE exam papers. 2.5. Teaching methodology Should EFL/ESL teaching methods be used in teaching native speakers of English. Assess in relation to a particular group of primary school children. What can teachers learn from the practice of problem-based learning and should these methods be more common in our schools : a qualitative study 2.6. Learning In order for students to learn efficiently and effectively, it is essential for teachers to understand the different learning styles that they possess. A quantitative study of primary school children. Can the concept of reflective practice be used to help children learn in UK schools: a qualitative study of secondary education What methods, policies and strategies are in place in UK schools to improve the achievement of diverse learners: a quantitative study. Do cooperative and collaborative learning methods have a positive effect on student achievement: a quantitative study Teaching children to read: an overview of different methods used and evaluation of the ‘real’ books vs reading schemes debate 2.7. Politics and Policy in Education Has Sure Start brought about improved outcomes for young childrenEvaluate in the light of recent research. Do SATs create a curriculum where ‘teaching to the tests’ becomes the normEvaluate in respect of recent research. Has Every Child a Talker improved language outcomes for young English language learners in inner city schools: a quantitative study. Have 14-19 policies in the UK been a success: a qualitative study 2.8. Early Years Education To what extent is the structure of early years education in the UK influenced by Piaget et al’s theory of a fixed developmental sequence. Critically evaluate in the light of childrens’ experience in ‘alternative’ forms of education. In what ways has our understanding of the processes of learning and teaching been influenced by Vygotsky’s theoryCritically evaluate in relation to the experience of a group of primary school pupils. How important is rich teacher talk in developing early literacy: evaluate in the the light of current research. Teaching children to read; a qualitative study of the impact of phonological awareness on early readers. Managing the transition from Foundation stage to Year 1: an evaluation of best practice. 2.9. Teacher Education What knowledge about IT is taught in teacher education and how do teachers use it to support teaching and learning. A qualitative study. The teacher as facilitator: a quantitative study of the weight given to the facilitator as opposed to knowledge provider in teacher education. Is continuing professional development for teachers in the UK effective: a qualitative study based on teacher’s perceptions. 2.10. Primary Education The impact of support staff in small rural primary schools: a qualitative study Teacher or child-initiated: a qualitative study of best practice in the primary classroom 2.11. Home Schooling How significant is the role of IT in home schooling: a qualitative study. Motivational factors for choosing home schooling: a qualitative study. Academic achievement and socialization amongst home-schooled university students: a quantitative study. How well do home-schooled children perform when they return to school: a qualitative study. 2.12. SEN Do learners with SEN benefit from personalized learning programmes: a qualitative study in primary school Does inclusion in the mainstream classroom benefit pupils with SEN: a qualitative study of primary schools 3.0. How to structure an Education dissertation The dissertation paper needs to consist of an abstract, introduction, review of literature, methods, findings, references and appendices. The abstract section needs to include a summary of the research problem or purpose, summary of the research design, summary of the treatment(s), and summary of the results. Introduction section – background of the study and significance of the problem in context The Review of Literature Section – review of the relevant and related literature, including a theoretical rationale of the problem, need for the study, potential significance of the results, and the specific research hypothesis Methodology Section – Identification and description of the subjects, instrumentation used in the data collection, any ethical issues involved and the procedures used to collect the data Reference Section-alphabetical listing of all referenced text Appendices 4.0. References 2.2 Child Development Ainsworth, M.1985. â€Å"Patterns of Attachment.† Clinical Psychologist 38 (2):27–29. Bowlby, J.. 1988. A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York: Basic Books. 2.3. Parents and Schools Epstein J, Sheldon S. (2002) Present and accounted for: improving student attendance through family and community involvement. The Journal of Educational Research; Green CL, Walker JMT, Hoover-Dempsey KV, Sandler HM. (2007) Parents’ motivations for involvement in children’s education: an empirical test of a theoretical model of parental involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology Izzo CV, Weissberg RP, Kasprow WJ, Fendrich M. (1999) A longitudinal assessment of teacher perceptions of parent involvement in children’s education and school performance. American Journal of Community Psychology 2.4. Curriculum Lord, P. Jones, M. (2006) Pupils’ experiences and perspectives of the national curriculum and assessment: final report for the research review; QCA 2.5. Teaching Methodology Hedge, T. (2000) Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Richards, J. Renandya, W. (eds.). 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2.6. Politics and Policy Dockrell, J. ; Stuart, M. King, D. (2010) Supporting early oral language skills for English language learners in inner city preschool provision ; British Journal of Educational Psychology 2.8. Teacher Education Pedder, D. Darleen Opfer, V. (2011) Are We Realising the Full Potential of Teachers’ Professional Learning in Schools in England Professional Development in Education 2.9. Primary Education Blatchford, P., Russell, A., Bassett, P., Brown P. Martin, C. (2004) The role and effects of teaching assistants in English primary schools (Years 4 to 6) 2000-2003 Sanders, D., White, G., Burge, B., Sharp, C., Eames, A., McCune, R Grayson, H. (2005) A study of the transition from the Foundation Stage to Key Stage 1. Sammons, P., Elliot, K., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Siraj Blatchford, I. and Taggart, B. (2004) The impact of pre-school on young children’s cognitive attainments at entry to reception. 2.11. SEN Dyson, A., Farrell, P., Polat, F., Hutcheson, G. and Gallanaugh, F. (2004) Inclusion and pupil achievement Kalambouka, A., Farrell, P., Dyson, A. and Kaplan, I. (2005) The impact of population inclusivity in schools on student outcomes Also review Free Dissertation Topics and let us know if you don’t find anything and our site can help you. How to cite Dissertation Topics in Education [Updated 2018], Essays

The Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Lab free essay sample

The Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Purpose: To create chalk (calcium carbonate) and to find the percentage yield in order to see the amounts of anhydrous sodium carbonate and calcium chloride were used up. Also to see if there’s any alterations like mass differentials. Objectives: 1. To introduce the concept of â€Å"limiting factor† in a chemical reaction 2. To practice a. Writing a balanced equation b. Determining the number of moles of each reactant and product c. Deciding which chemical is the limiting factor d. Predict theoretical yield e. Determine actual yield f. Use error discussion Materials: * 2 beakers * 2 watch glasses * Stirring rods * Filter paper * Funnel * Wash bottle * Anhydrous sodium carbonate * Calcium chloride Procedure: 1. Mass approximately 4. 0 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Record exact mass. Transfer the mass to 50ml of distilled water. Stir until all the solid has dissolved. 2. Similarly, mass 4. 0 grams of calcium chloride and transfer it to 50ml of distilled water. Stir until it dissolves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Transfer, quantitatively, one solution to the other. 4. Mass a filter paper. 5. Filter the system ensuring all the precipitate is transferred from the beaker onto the filter paper. 6. Wash the precipitate in the filter paper with 5 mL quantity of distilled water. 7. Dry the precipitate in the drying oven overnight. 8. Mass the filter and precipitate. Sources of error: 1. There may have been some of the precipitate which was still stuck onto the beaker, stirring rod and filter paper. 2. The electronic balance could have given us an incorrect amount of mass 3. The filtered may have not done its job properly and may have leaked out some of the precipitate in the water 4.

Gladiator Essays - NervaAntonine Dynasty, Films, Gladiator

Gladiator The Roman Army was a masterpiece in itself. There was no other army like it, and was impenentrable. This was probably because of the extreme patriotism and pride in battling for Rome, and maintaining their superiority. Gladiator, RomanArmy.com, and The History of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire all portray this patriotism in many aspects. Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott. He is a graduate of London's prestigious Royal College of Art. Scott began his directing career at the BBC doing commercials. In 1977, he made his feature film directorial debut with the period drama 'The Duelists,' for which he won the Best First Film Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1984, Scott made a brief return to commercial directing for what was to be one of the most groundbreaking ads ever created- The introduction of the Apple computer. Following the record-breaking success of his follow-up film, 'Alien,' Scott directed the futuristic hit 'Blade Runner,' starring Harrison Ford. In 1993, Scott re-edited a director's cut of 'Blade Runner,' which was released to great critical acclaim. He also executive produced 'Monkey Trouble' and the anthology series 'The Hunger.' Scotts reason for developing Gladiator came from his interest in Roman history. He loves the pride show by the Roman soldiers in their country and themselves. He planed to bring the Roman history to us, for knowledge and understanding. Gladiators purpose was to portray the life of the particular Roman general; Maximus(played by Russell Crowe)the general-turned-gladiator whose popularity does threaten the power of the emperorwas key to the success of the project. The reason they picked this as the main focus of the movie was because the government of Rome was a very corrupt society. ''Maximus is the very soul of the movie.'' ''It was crucial to find an actor who you could believe possessed the ferocity of this great warrior, but in whom you could also see a man of strong principle and character. Russell Crowes name came up pretty fast. His intensity, his dignity and his utter conviction in every role he undertakes made him everyones first choice.'' I think ''Gladiator'' presented the prospect of helping to re-establish a film genre which had not been stumbled upon successfully in a long time. Its an incredible period. The achievements of the Roman Empire were remarkable, but they were underscored by absolute brutality, which fascinates people to this day, and was portrayed well in this film. This film was not lacking anything in my perspective. It was a great movie. The only thing that could have been portrayed differently was the use of the coliseum. They could have show the voting, and judicial purposes of it, and its other uses besides the games. History Essays

Biography of Folk Singer and Activist Joan Baez

Biography of Folk Singer and Activist Joan Baez Baez was known for her soprano voice, her haunting songs, and her long black hair early in her career - until she cut it in 1968. Joan Baez Biography Joan Baez was born on January 9, 1941, in Staten Island, New York. Her father Albert Baez was a physicist born in Mexico, while her mother was of Scottish and English descent. She grew up in New York and California, and when her father took a faculty position in Massachusetts, she attended Boston University and began to sing in coffeehouses and small clubs in Boston and Cambridge, and later in the Greenwich Village section of New York City. Bob Gibson invited her to attend the 1959 Newport Folk Festival where she was a hit; she appeared again at Newport in 1960. Vanguard Records, known for promoting folk music, signed Baez and in 1960 her first album,  Joan Baez, came out. She moved to California in 1961. Her second album, Volume 2, proved to be her first commercial success.  Her first three albums focused on traditional folk ballads. Her fourth album, In Concert, Part 2, began to move into more contemporary folk music and protest songs.  She included on that album â€Å"We Shall Overcome† which, as an evolution of an old gospel song, was becoming a civil rights anthem. Baez in the 1960s Baez met Bob Dylan in April of 1961 in Greenwich Village. She performed with him periodically and spent a lot of time with him from 1963 to 1965. Her covers of such Dylan songs as â€Å"Don’t Think Twice† helped bring him his own recognition. Subjected to racial slurs and discrimination in her own childhood because of her Mexican heritage and features, Joan Baez became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career, including  civil rights  and nonviolence. She was sometimes jailed for her protests. In 1965, she founded the Institute for the Study of Nonviolence, based in California. As a Quaker, she refused to pay a part of her income tax that she believed would go to pay for military spending. She refused to play in any segregated venues, which meant that when she toured the South, she only played at black colleges. Joan Baez recorded more mainstream popular songs in the later 1960s, including from Leonard Cohen (â€Å"Suzanne†), Simon and Garfunkel and Lennon and McCartney of the Beatles (â€Å"Imagine†). She recorded six of her albums in Nashville starting in 1968. All the songs on her 1969 Any Day Now, a two-record set, were composed by Bob Dylan. Her version of â€Å"Joe Hill† on One Day at a Time helped bring that tune to wider public attention.  She also covered songs by country songwriters including Willie Nelson and Hoyt Axton. In 1967, the Daughters of the American Revolution denied Joan Baez permission to perform at Constitution Hall, resonating with their famous denial of the same privilege to  Marian Anderson. Baez’ concert was also moved to the mall, as Marian Anderson’s had been: Baez performed at the Washington Monument and drew 30,000. Al Capp parodied her in his â€Å"Li’l Abner† comic strip as â€Å"Joanie Phonie† that same year. Baez in the 1970s Joan Baez married David Harris, a Vietnam draft protestor, in 1968, and he was in jail for most of the years of their marriage. They divorced in 1973, after having one child, Gabriel Earl. In 1970, she participated in the documentary â€Å"Carry It On,† including film of 13 songs in concert, about her life through that time. She drew much criticism for a tour of North Vietnam in 1972. In the 1970s, she began composing her own music. Her â€Å"To Bobby† was written honoring her long relationship with Bob Dylan.  She also recorded her sister Mimi Farina’s work. In 1972, she signed with AM Records. From 1975 to 1976, Joan Baez toured with Bob Dylan’s Rolling Thunder Review, resulting in a documentary of the tour. She moved to Portrait Records for two more albums. The 1980s-2010s In 1979, Baez helped form Humanitas International. She toured in the 1980s for human rights and pace, supporting the Solidarity movement in Poland. She toured in 1985 for Amnesty International and was part of the Live Aid concert. She published her autobiography in 1987 as And a Voice to Sing With, and moved to a new label, Gold Castle.  The 1987 album Recently included a pacifist hymn and another gospel classic made famous by Marian Anderson, â€Å"Let Us Break Bread Together,† and two songs about South Africa’s freedom struggle. She closed down Humanitas International in 1992 to focus on her music, then recorded Play Me Backwards (1992) and Ring Them Bells (1995), for Virgin and Guardian Records, respectively. Play Me Backwards included songs by Janis Ian and Mary Chapin Carpenter. In 1993 Baez performed in Sarajevo, then in the midst of a war. She continued recording into the early 2000s, and PBS highlighted her work with an American Masters segment in 2009. Joan Baez had always been quite politically active, but she had largely stayed out of partisan politics, endorsing her first candidate for public office in 2008 when she supported Barack Obama. In 2011 Baez performed in New York City for the Occupy Wall Street activists. Discography 1960: Joan Baez Vol. 1 (remastered 2001)1961: Joan Baez Vol. 2 (remastered 2001)1964: Joan Baez 5 - 2002 version with bonus tracks1965: Farewell, Angelina1967: Joan1969: Any Day Now: Songs of Bob Dylan1969: Davids Album1970: The First Ten Years1971: Carry It On1972: Blessed Are...1972: Come From the Shadows1974: Gracias a la Vida (Heres to Life)1975: Diamonds and Rust1976: The Lovesong Album1977: Best of Joan Baez1979: Honest Lullaby1979: The Joan Baez Country Music Album1982: Very Early Joan Baez1984: Ballad Book Vol. 11984: Ballad Book Vol. 21987: Recently1990: Blowin Away1991: Brothers in Arms1992: No Woman No Cry1992: Play Me Backwards1993: From Every Stage1993: Rare, Live and Classic (box)1995: Ring Them Bells (winter holiday and Christmas)1996: Greatest Hits (remastered)1996: Speaking of Dreams1997: Gone From Danger1998: Baez Sings Dylan1999: 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection1960: Joan Baez Vol. 1 (remastered 2001)1961: Joan Baez Vol. 2 (remastered 2001)1964: Joan Baez 5 - 2002 version with bonus tracks 2003: Dark Chords on a Big Guitar2005: Bowery Songs2007: Ring Them Bells (reissue with bonus tracks)2008: Day After Tomorrow2011: Queen of Folk Music Joan Baez Quotes The concert becomes a context of its own, and thats whats beautiful about being able to stand up there- that I can say what I want, put the songs where I want them and, hopefully, give people an evening of beautiful music as well. (1979)Action is the antidote to despair. Sources Baez, Joan. And a Voice to Sing With. 1987.Baez, Joan. The Joan Baez Songbook: P/V/G Folio. 1992.Hajdu, David.  Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Farina, and Richard Farina. 2011.ï » ¿Swanekamp, Joan.  Diamonds and Rust: A Bibliography and Discography on Joan Baez. 1979.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Personal Statement Example Everything works as per a set order, the analytical skills of an accountant are tested at every stage and the organization to which he is part of, places great confidence on him and he is liable to create a fine-looking picture of the organization based on incontrovertible facts. I would like to be in such a responsible position handling Accounts and Finance in a top organization to start with and after gaining two-three years’ experience would like to establish my consultancy firm in an important commercial center. The position as an auditor to prepare and examine the financial records is also of immense interest to me and as such it is part of my career objective. I have great interest in financial analysis/planning and budget strategy design with full learning commitment. My career goal is to sharpen analytical, strategic and critical thinking skills in day-to-day job while performing accurate financial analysis. Having excelled in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration: Finance, from Southeast Missouri State University- Harrison College of Business, I am well conversant with the following subjects and accounting procedures: Financial Statements, Spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft VBA, Cash Flow Management, Business Valuation, General Ledger, Risk Management, Value Added Analysis, Regulatory Accounting, Trial Balance and P & L Management. As such I am in a position to confidently assert that I own the requisite skills to enable me to apply for the university education to obtain the master degree with major in Accounting. The subjects of Accounting and Finance match well and they are of enormous interest to me. The knowledge of one of them helps to develop the skill of the other. Studying these subjects has led me to greater understanding of various methods and concepts to visualize difficult business issues in a logical manner without getting confused about the

RE-WRITING SWOT ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIOns Essay

RE-WRITING SWOT ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIOns - Essay Example (1) For over thirty years that Etisalat has been in operation, the company has been on the forefront in being innovative and providing reliable services. This has been possible due to its heavy investment in infrastructure which is the best within the Middle East region. Some of the services provided by Etisalat include money transfer services which are very sensitive and without a secure network, the services may be compromised thus lowering the integrity of the company. It suffices to say that the optimization of security program within Etisalat is quite quintessential in the view of the planned expansion. This notwithstanding, the company has been expanding at a phenomenal rate of the last few years which necessitates special attention to the security details. However due to the sensitive information of the whole company’s operational system it was very hard to delve deeper into more details and that’s why we had the one and only access to the security section to allow as further investigate how the security operation management that protects the whole company assets following international standards and best practices. This paper summarizes the operation of security assurance system in Etisalat, the design and strategy of new services, the difficulties associated with the security operation, and the future of Etisalat. An interview was conducted with 2 security engineers due to the tight time we had to ensure the completion of the operation management research. Collin& Roger (2003) favor qualitative methods, for example, interviewing, because these methods are considered as particularly helpful in the generation of an intensive, detailed examination of a case. First and foremost, operation management (OM) has been widely studied recently to measure the profound impact of it on the various firms around the globe. Productivity, processes, customer service, competitive

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU

Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the EU Sandro Sandri   EXHAUSTION Before explaining exhaustion online with regard to database in the European  Union, we should first start by explaining what exhaustion in an Intellectual Property  context is. 1. a) Definition The exhaustion of intellectual property rights is one of the limits of Intellectual  Property (IP) Law. After a product has been sold under the authorization of the IP owner,  the reselling, rental, lending and other third party commercial uses of IP-protected goods in  domestic and international markets is protected by the principle. Once a product is covered  by an IP right, such as by a patent right, has been sold by the Intellectual Property right  owner or by others with the consent of the owner, the Intellectual Property right is said to  be exhausted. It can no longer be exercised by the owner. This limitation is also referred to  as the Exhaustion Doctrine or First Sale Doctrine. For example, if an inventor obtains a  patent on a new kind of umbrella, the inventor (or anyone else to whom he sells his patent)  can legally prohibit other companies from making and selling this kind of umbrella, but  cannot prohibit customers who have bought this umbrella from the patent owner from  reselling the umbrella to third parties. There is a fairly broad consensus throughout the  world that this applies at least within the context of the domestic market. This is the  concept of National Exhaustion. However, there is less consensus as to what extent the  sale of an Intellectual Property protected product abroad can exhaust the IP rights over this  product in the context of domestic law. This is the concept of Regional exhaustion or  International Exhaustion. The rules and legal implications of the exhaustion largely differ  depending on the country of importation, i.e. the national jurisdiction.   The paternity of the exhaustion theory is ascribed to the German jurist Joseph  Kohler.2 The word  ´exhaustion` seems, however, to have been first used by the German  Reichsgreicht in a number of judgments in the early years of the twentieth century. In a  judgment of 26 March 1902 the Reichsgericht held, for example, that the effect of the  protection conferred by a patent (i.e. the exclusive right to manufacture products covered  with regard to Database in the European Union  by the patent and to put them on the market) was exhausted by the first sale.3 In other  words, once the patent holder had transferred legal ownership of goods made in  accordance with the patent, by selling them to another person, he lost the power to control  the further destiny of those goods subsequently. 1. b) Exhaustion in the European Union   The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has taken serious steps to harmonize the rules  of a Community-wide/regional exhaustion doctrine in the field of copyright law since the  1970s. Schovsbo called the harmonization by the ECJ as 1.-phase development of  exhaustion or negative harmonization, and the creation of directives by the competent  bodies of the EEC (and later the EU) as 2.-phase development or positive  harmonization. The first-ever decision on the exhaustion of distribution rights was handed over in  the famous Deutsche Grammophon case. Here, the ECJ based its decision on different  objectives of the EEC Treaty: the prohibition of partitioning of the market, free movement  of goods, as well as the prohibition of distortions of competition in the common market.   The European Court of Justice highlighted that prohibitions and restrictions on trade  might be applied by Member States, also in cases of copyright law, if they do not constitute  a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member  States6. Based upon these, the European Court of Justice concluded that [i]f a right related  to copyright is relied upon to prevent the marketing in a Member State of products  distributed by the holder of the right or with his consent on the territory of another  Member State on the sole ground that such distribution did not take place on the national  territory, such a prohibition, which would legitimize the isolation of national markets,  would be repugnant to the essential purpose of the Treaty, which is to unite national  markets into a single market. That purpose could not be attained if, under the various legal  systems of the Member States, nationals of those States were able to partition th e market  and bring about arbitrary discrimination or disguised restrictions on trade between Member  States. Consequently, it would be in conflict with the provisions prescribing the free movement of products within the common market for a manufacturer of sound recordings to exercise the exclusive right to distribute the protected articles, conferred upon him by  the legislation of a Member State, in such a way as to prohibit the sale in that State of  products placed on the market by him or with his consent in another Member State solely  because such distribution did not occur within the territory of the first Member State.7  In the EU, the principle of exhaustion of IP rights is as follows. The holder of an  Intellectual Property right loses his absolute right with the first sale in the EU territory. In  other words, the first commercialization of a good in a territory of the European Union  made by the holder of an industrial property right, or by a legitimate licensee, has as a  consequence that that good may freely circulate in Europe, and the legitimate IP holder  may not oppose the successive acts of reselling. Using the wording of the Centrafarm Case:   It cannot be reconciled with the principles of free movement of goods under the  provisions of the Treaty of Rome if a patentee exercises his rights under the legal  provisions of one Member State to prevent marketing of a patented product in said State  when the patented product has been brought into circulation in another Member State by  the patentee or with his consent Again, this is a good example of the function of the law  as a system to solve conflicts: on one side the traditional principle of territoriality of IP  rights; on the other side the aspiration to a common market in favour of international  trade. The aim of the exhaustion theory is to strike a balance between the free movement  of goods on the one hand, and the proprietors exercise of exclusive intellectual property  rights to distribute his goods on the other hand. The holder of an IP right holds therefore   the right to choose where, under which conditions and at which price his goods are put on  the market for the first time. No need to say that international exhaustion allows parallel  imports. The theory of exhaustion obviously improved in the course of time. In order to be  applicable, various conditions have to be met. It requires the consent of the legitimate  holder (consent that may be express or implied). And it also requires that the legitimate  holder receives, with the first sale, a reasonable remuneration. Depending on the  jurisdiction concerned, one often distinguishes between national exhaustion and  international exhaustion. In the European Union the term regional exhaustion is  frequently used. Regional exhaustion, in the EU member States, means that IP rights are  considered exhausted for the territory of the EEA when the product has been put on the  market in any of the EEA Member States.   Once the principle of exhaustion was established, the EU Law incorporated it in  regulations, directives and conventions. For example, art. 7 n. 1 of the First Council  Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to  trade marks (89/104/EEC states that The trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to  prohibit its use in relation to goods which have been put on the market in the Community  under that trade mark by the proprietor or with his consent9. Art. 13 of the Council  regulation (EC) n. 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark states that   A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit its use in relation to  goods which have been put on the market in the Community under that trade mark by the  proprietor or with his consent10.   The Information Society Directive (Directive 2001/29/EC) on the harmonization  of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society refers to this  principle in paragraph 28 and 29. The Directive is a little old in relation to the high speed  of technology, but is still there.11   1. c) The principle of exhaustion in EU Case Law   In Germany, the German Supreme Court (BGH) has repeatedly acknowledged the  exhaustion principle as a precautionary principle for the entire IP law (BGH, 22 January  1964, Maja Case; BGH, 10 April 1997, Sermion II Case).   In France a large number of decisions were reported to deal with the exhaustion  principle (Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation, 9 April 2002 n ° 99/15428,   Cass. Com., 20 February 2007, n ° 05/11088; Cass. Com., 26 February 2008, n ° 05/19087;   Cass. Com., 7 April 2009, n ° 08/13378; CA Paris, 15 June 2011, n ° 2009/12305).   In Austria the principle of exhaustion within the EU was applied even before it was  explicitly mentioned in the Austrian Trade Mark Act (Austrian Supreme Court October 15,  1996).   9 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States  relating to trade marks   10 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009   11 Directive 2001/29/EC   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 2- DATABASE   The protection of electronic databases was first considered by the EC Commission  in the 1998 Green Paper. An initial proposal was adopted on January 29, 1992, and was  greeted, at least in the United Kingdom (which has the largest database industry in the  Community) by a considerable degree of opposition, due to the perceived reduction in  protection for many factual and numerical databases.12   Regarding the concept of database, we should say that it is a collection of  independent works, data or other materials arranged in a systematic or methodical way and  individually accessible by electronic or other means which can include literary, artistic,  musical or other collections of works or collections of other material such as texts, sound,  images, numbers, facts.13 Databases in the European Union are regulated through Directive  96/9/EC, also known as the Database Directive. It is an European Union Directive in the  field of Intellectual Property Law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty  of Rome. It harmonizes the treatment of databases under copyright law and the sui generis  right for the creators of databases which do not qualify for copyright.   The exhaustion principle does not allow the reproduction of data. The German  Supreme Court has confirmed this: it held that if there is extraction of a substantial part of  the database, there is no exhaustion as exhaustion covers the right of distribution and not  extraction.14 Online electronic databases cannot benefit from the exhaustion principle. The  database must have been sold. If it is given free of charge, the principle of exhaustion does  not apply. The CJEU held this to be so in the field of trademarks in Peak Holding v Axolin-  Elinor and later confirmed it in LOreal v eBay.15 There is no reason why these decisions  would not apply here by analogy as the term used in Article 7(2)(b) is sale. The same  applies to Article 5(c) in the copyright chapter of the Database Directive.   Article 7 furthermore specifies acts of temporary or ephemeral copying as  extraction.112 In contrast to the initial draft, which required a commercial intention,   12 E.C. Intellectual Property Materials, Sweet Maxwells, 1994, 1 (F) Amended Proposals of 4 October 1993  for a Council Directive on the legal protection of databases (COM (93) 464 final SYN 393) [1993] O.J.  C308/1, p. 36 13 Article 7(1) DDir (96/9/EC)   14 Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489   15 Case C-16/03 Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor [2004] ECR I-11313 and Case C-324/09 LOreal v eBay [2011]   ETMR 52   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  consent is required for loading a database into a computer RAM, as this will copy the entire  database. The consequences of prohibiting acts of temporary or even ephemeral copies   such as caching is an inconsistency between online and offline databases. Whereas an  offline database such as a CD-ROM or a smaller database technically requires RAM  storage of a substantial part, accessing a large online database normally merely requires the  copy of the entries accessed to be copied.16   Exhaustion only applies to databases in tangible format. If someone lawfully  acquired a tangible copy of the databases, the right holder will not be able to control its  resale within the European Union. However, in two cases, there will arguably not be  exhaustion. The reason is the use of the narrow word sale and resale. First, there will not  be exhaustion when the right holder gave rather than sold the database. In this case, the  right to control distribution remains. Thus, the sale of a copy of a database distributed  freely by the maker, may infringe.17 The second case is when the purchaser wishes to give  the database instead of reselling it. It seems that, in that case, the gift of the database by the  person who acquired it can also be controlled by the right holder.   It must be noted that, in a recent case, 18the Versailles Court of Appeal surprisingly  held that, for a database producer to benefit from her rights of extraction and reutilization,  she must have asserted it previously, before any infringement act is committed. The  mention of the interdiction to extract or reutilize contents from the database becomes a  condition of opposability of the sui generis right granted to the database maker by Article L.  342-2 of the IPC. The claimant lost her case since she did not make such mention on the  website she created. This decision seems to add a condition which does not exist in the  Directive. The sui generis right is not dependant on any formality.   Two German courts held that the creation of deep links is not an infringement of  the sui generis right19. This is not surprising since it is difficult to see how a deep link is an act  of extraction or reutilization.   Under Article 3, databases which, by reason of the selection or arrangement of  their contents, constitute the authors own intellectual creation are protected by copyright  16 Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the  protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003   17 Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303   18 Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on http://www.legalis.net.   19 SV on line GmbH v Net-Clipping, OLG Munich, 9 November, 2000 [2001] ZUM 255; Handelsblatt v Paperboy,   OLG Cologne, 27 October 2000 [2001] ZUM 414; BGH, 17 July 2003 [2003] Cri.   as collections: no other criterion may be used by Member States. This may be a relaxation  of the criterion for protection of collections in the Berne Convention for the Protection of  Literary and Artistic Works,[2] which covers collections of literary and artistic works and  requires creativity in the selection and arrangement of the contents: in practice the  difference is likely to be slight. Any copyright in the database is separate from and without  prejudice to the copyright in the entries.   Copyright protection is not available for databases which aim to be complete,  that is where the entries are selected by objective criteria: these are covered by sui  generis database rights. While copyright protects the creativity of an author, database rights  specifically protect the qualitatively and/or quantitatively [a] substantial investment in  either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents: if there has not been  substantial investment (which need not be financial), the database will not be protected  [Art. 7(1)]. Database rights are held in the first instance by the person or corporation which  made the substantial investment, so long as: the person is a national or domiciliary of a  Member State or the corporation is formed according to the laws of a Member State and  has its registered office or principal place of business within the European Union.   The holder of database rights may prohibit the extraction and/or re-utilization of  the whole or of a substantial part of the contents: the substantial part is evaluated  qualitatively and/or quantitatively and reutilization is subject to the exhaustion of rights.   Public lending is not an act of extraction or re-utilization. The lawful user of a database  which is available to the public may freely extract and/or re-use insubstantial parts of the  database (Art. 8): the holder of database rights may not place restrictions of the purpose to  which the insubstantial parts are used. However, users may not perform acts which  conflict with normal exploitation of the database or unreasonably prejudice the legitimate  interests of the maker of the database, nor prejudice any copyright in the entries. The  same limitations may be provided to database rights as to copyright in databases (Art. 9):  extraction for private purposes of the contents of a non-electronic database; extraction for  the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, as long as the source is  indicated and to the extent justified by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;  extraction and/or re-utilization for the purposes of public security or an administrative or  judicial procedure. Database rights last for fifteen years from the end of the year that the database was  made available to the public, or from the end of the year of completion for private  databases (Art. 10). Any substantial change which could be considered to be a substantial  new investment will lead to a new term of database rights, which could, in principle, be  perpetual. Database rights are independent of any copyright in the database, and the two  could, in principle, be held by different people (especially in jurisdictions which prohibit  the corporate ownership of copyright): as such, database rights can be compared to the  rights of phonogram and film producers.20   3- CONCLUSION The idea of digital first sale doctrine imploded into the mainstream copyright  discussion only a few years ago, although it has already been discussed for almost two  decades. The problem was reflected by academia, case law and legislature as well. Although  notable sources take the view that the concept of digital exhaustion deserves support, the  majority of commentators refused to accept this idea. Likewise, legislative proposals that  were submitted to the German Bundestag and the Congress of the United States, were  ultimately refused by the relevant national parliaments (or were not even discussed by them).   Under the traditional, positivist vision of copyright law, any similar ideas are condemned to  death at the moment, especially in the light of the WCT Agreed Statement. Similarly, the  CJEUs constructive interpretation of the international and regional copyright norms led to  flawed argumentation. However, significant economic, social and technological arguments  support the view that it is time to reconsider at international legislative level.   It looks like it is time to adapt the principle of exhaustion on an online perspective.  Technology goes faster than law, so when the law goes a step forward, a new problem  arises. Streaming and cloud computing are good examples. The majority of Reports  acknowledge the problems, and underline various aspects. The first is that the principle of  exhaustion of intellectual property rights was elaborated and developed in a time when  goods and services were mainly material and sold and distributed through material and  traditional channels. This approach is overturned by the new technologies. The second is  that it is no longer possible to distinguish, as far as the principle of exhaustion is  concerned, but also in general, among industrial property and intellectual property.   Copyright is expanding. The third is that it is more and more difficult to separate and  distinguish traditional industry and online industry as well as material and immaterial goods   20 Intellectual Property Law, Trevor Cook, 2010   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  and services. The majority of the Reports are of the opinion that on-line infringement of  intellectual property rights is normally dealt with the ordinary rules of civil procedure, and  that there is no particular necessity of elaborating new ones. The difficulties of enforcing  decisions abroad against foreign on line infringers in copyright cases are the usual ones,  common in the legal praxis when a decision must be enforced against foreign infringers.21  Dennis S. Karjalas thoughts serve as a great point to finish with. He stressed that  either we believe in the first-sale doctrine in the digital age or we do not. If we no longer  believe in it, we should discard it openly and not through verbal gymnastics interpreting the  definition of copy for the purposes of the statutes reproduction right. Nor should our  definition of copy force systems engineers into unduly intricate or artificial designs simply  to protect the right of the owner of a copy of a music file to transfer that file, provided that  no copies derived from the transferred file are retained.22   21 To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? Avv. Prof.   Vincenzo Franceschelli, 2014.   22 Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013: p. 255.   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union   BIBLIOGRAPHY à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Bently Sherman 2004, p. 303 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · David T. Keeling, Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Dennis S. Karjala: Copying and Piracy in the Digital Age, Washburn Law Journal, 2013 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guido Westkamp, Protecting databases under US and European law methodical approaches to the protection of investments between unfair competition and intellectual property concepts, 2003 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Sweet Maxwells, E.C. Intellectual Property Materials à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Trevor Cook, Intellectual Property Law, 2010 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Vincenzo Franceschelli, To what extent does the principle of exhaustion of IP rights apply to the on-line industry? 2014. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975). à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 89/104/EEC First Council Directive of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG. 8 June 1971, European Court Reports à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · LOreal v eBay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Marktstudien (Market Surveys), 21 April 2005, Case I ZR 1/02[2005] GRUR 940; [2006] IIC 489 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Peak Holding v Axolin-Elinor à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Rojo R. v Guy R., CA Versailles, 18 November 2004, available on à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Directive 2001/29/EC à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation 1 International Exhaustion and Parallel Importation http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/export/international_exhaustion.htm 2 T. de las Heras Lorenzo, El agotamiento del derecho de marca, Editorial Montecorvo, Madrid, 1994, p. 47; F.-K.   Beier,  ´Grenzen der Erschà ¶pfungslehre im Markenrecht; zur Beurteilung des Vertriebs umgepackter und neu  gekennzeichtner Originawaren in den Là ¤ndern der Europà ¤ischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft.   Exhaustion Online   3 Guajakol-Karbonat RGZ 51, 139. 4 Intellectual Property Rights in EU Law Volume 1, David T. Keeling, p. 75-76 5 Jens Schovsbo: The Exhaustion of Rights and Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law. In: Ansgar Ohly: Common Principles of European Intellectual Property Law, Mohr Siebeck, Tà ¼bingen, 2010: p. 170. 6 Case 78/70 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Großmà ¤rkte GmbH Co. KG., 8 June 1971, European Court Reports, 1971: pp. 499 500., para. 5-11. Compare to Article 36 of the EEC Treaty. On the application of Article 36 of the EEC Treaty see: Nial Fennelly: Rules and Exceptions: Freedom of Movement and Intellectual Property Rights in the European Union. In: Hugh C. Hansen: International Intellectual Property Law Policy, Volume 5, Juris Publishing, Huntington, 2003: pp. 33-4 33-11. Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union 7 Case 78/70, supra note 64, p. 500., para. 12-13.   8 verbatim Centrafarm B.V. and Adriaan de Peijper v. Sterling Drug Inc., in 6 IIC 102 (1975).   Exhaustion Online with regard to Database in the European Union  

A Case Sajjan Singh V State of Rajasthan

————————————————- Top of Form | | MANU/SC/8083/2008Equivalent Citation:  AIR2009SC84, JT2008(11)SC150, 2008(4)KLT306(SC), (2009)3MLJ929(SC), (2008)41OCR708, 2008(13)SCALE76, (2008)13SCC518IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIAWrit Petition (C) No. 369 of 2008Decided On:  29. 09. 2008Appellants:  Baby Manji Yamada Vs. Respondent:  Union of India (UOI) and Anr. Hon'ble Judges: Dr. Arijit Pasayat  and  Mukundakam Sharma  , JJ. Subject:  CivilCatch WordsMentioned INActs/Rules/Orders:   Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 – Section 13;  Constitution of India – Article 32Case Note: Constitution Rights of child Article 32 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (Constitution) Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (CPCRA) Petition filed u/a 32, Constitution against directions of High Court by grandmother of appellant Held, constitution of National and state commissions for protection of child rights and children courts for providing speedy justice in offences against children and related matters provided under CPCRA No complaint made by anybody relating to child Direction given to any aggrieved person to approach Commission constituted under CPCRA Writ petition disposed ofRatio Decidendi:   Commission constituted under CPCRA has right to inquire into complaints or take action suo motu notice relating to violation of child rights and development of children and pro vide relief in such matters with appropriate authorities. JUDGMENTArijit Pasayat, J. 1. This petition under Article  32  of the Constitution of India, 1950 (hereinafter for short ‘the Constitution') raises some important questions. 2. Essentially challenge is to certain directions given by a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court relating to production/custody of a child Manji Yamada. Emiko Yamada, claiming to be grandmother of the child, has filed this petition. The Writ Petition before the Rajasthan High Court was filed by M/s. SATYA, stated to be an NG0, the opposite party No. 3 in this petition. The D. B. Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No. 7829 of 2008 was filed by M/s. SATYA wherein the Union of India through Ministry of Home Affairs, State of Rajasthan through the Principal Secretary, The Director General of Police, Government of Rajasthan and the Superintendent of Police Jaipur City (East), Jaipur were made the parties. There is no dispute about Baby Manji Yamada having been given birth by a surrogate mother. It is stated that the biological parents Dr. Yuki Yamada and Dr. Ikufumi Yamada came to India in 2007 and had chosen a surrogate mother in Anand, Gujarat and a surrogacy agreement was entered into between the biological father and biological mother on one side and the surrogate mother on the other side. It appears from some of the statements made that there were matrimonial discords between the biological parents. The child was born on 25th July, 2008. On 3rd August, 2008 the child was moved to Arya Hospital in Jaipur following a law and order situation in Gujarat and she was being provided with much needed care including being breastfed by a woman. It is stated by the petitioner that the genetic father Dr. Ifukumi Yamada had to return to Japan due to expiration of his visa. It is also stated that the Municipality at Anand has issued a Birth Certificate indicating the name of the genetic father. 3. Stand of respondent No. 3 was that there is no law governing surrogation in India and in the name of surrogation lot of irregularities are being committed. According to it, in the name of surrogacy a money making racket is being perpetuated. It is also the stand of the said respondent that the Union of India should enforce stringent laws relating to surrogacy. The present petitioner has questioned the locus standi of respondent No. 3 to file a habeas corpus petition. It is pointed out that though custody of the child was being asked for but there was not even an indication as to in whose alleged illegal custody the child was. It is stated that though the petition before the High Court was styled as a â€Å"Public Interest Litigation† there was no element of public interest involved. Learned Counsel for respondent No. 3 with reference to the counter- affidavit filed in this Court had highlighted certain aspects relating to surrogacy. The learned Solicitor General has taken exception to certain statements made in the said counter affidavit and has submitted that the petition before the High Court was not in good faith and was certainly not in public interest. 4. We need not go into the locus standi of respondent No. 3 and/or whether bonafides are involved or not. It is to be noted that the Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (hereinafter for short ‘the Act') has been enacted for the constitution of a National Commission and State Commissions for protection of child rights and children's courts for providing speedy trial of offences against children or of violation of child rights and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Section  13  which appears in Chapter III of the Act is of considerable importance. The same reads as follows:13. Functions of Commission. 1) The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:(a) examine and review the safeguards provided by or under any law for the time being in force for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;(b) present to the Central Government, annually and at such other intervals, as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;(c) inquire into violation of child rights and recommend initiation of proceedings in such cases;(d) examine all factors that inhibit the enjoyment of rights of children affected by terrorism, communal violence, riots, natural disaster, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment, torture and exploitation, pornography and prostitution and recommend appropriate remedial measures. e) look into the matters relating to children in need of special care and protection including children in distress, marginalized and disadvantaged children, children in conflict with law, juveniles, children without family and children of prisoners and recommend appropriate remedial measures;(f) s tudy treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation in the best interest of children;(g) Undertake and promote research in the field of child rights;(h) spread child rights literacy among various sections of the society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means;(i) inspect or cause to be inspected any juvenile custodial home, or any other place of residence or institution meant for children, under the control of the Central Government or any State Government or any other authority, including any institution run by a social organisation; where children are detained or lodged for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action, if found necessary;(j) inquire into c omplaints and take suo otu notice of matters relating to, -(i) deprivation and violation of child rights;(ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children;(iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities; and(k) such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights and any other matter incidental to the above functions2) The Commission shall not inquire into any matter which is pending before a State Commission or any other Commission duly constituted under any law for the time being in force. 5. Surrogacy is a well known method of reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant for the purpose of gestating and giving birth to a child she will not raise but hand over to a contracted party. She may be the child's genetic mother (the more traditional form for surrogacy) or she may be, as a gestational carrier, carry the pregnancy to delivery after having been implanted with an embryo. In some cases surrogacy is the only available option for parents who wish to have a child that is biologically related to them. The word â€Å"surrogate†, from Latin â€Å"subrogare†, means â€Å"appointed to act in the place of†. The intended parent(s) is the individual or couple who intends to rear the child after its birth. 6. In â€Å"traditional surrogacy† (also known as the Straight method) the surrogate is pregnant with her own biological child, but this child was conceived with the intention of relinquishing the child to be raised by others; by the biological father and possibly his spouse or partner, either male or female. The child may be conceived via home artificial insemination using fresh of frozen sperm or impregnated via IUI (intrauterine insemination), or ICI (intra cervical insemination) which is performed at a fertility clinic. ‘7. In â€Å"gestational surrogacy† (also know as the Host method) the surrogate becomes pregnant via embryo transfer with a child of which she is not the biological mother. She may have made an arrangement to relinquish it to the biological mother or father to raise, or to a parent who is themselves unrelated to the child (e. g. because the child was conceived using egg donation, germ donation or is the result of a donated embryo). The surrogate mother may be called the gestational carrier. 8. â€Å"Altruistic surrogacy† is a situation where the surrogate receives no financial reward for her pregnancy or the relinquishment of the child (although usually all expenses related to the pregnancy and birth are paid by the intended parents such as medical expenses, maternity clothing, and other related expenses). 9. â€Å"Commercial surrogacy† is a form of surrogacy in which a gestational carrier is paid to carry a child to maturity in her womb and is usually resorted to by well off infertile couples who can afford the cost involved or people who save and borrow in order to complete their dream of being parents. This medical procedure is legal in several countries including in India where due to excellent medical infrastructure, high international demand and ready availability of poor surrogates it is reaching industry proportions. Commercial surrogacy is sometimes referred to by the emotionally charged and potentially offensive terms â€Å"wombs for rent†, â€Å"outsourced pregnancies† or â€Å"baby farms†. 10. Intended parents may arrange a surrogate pregnancy because a woman who intends to parent is infertile in such a way that she cannot carry a pregnancy to term. Examples include a woman who has had a hysterectomy, has a uterine malformation, has had recurrent pregnancy loss or has a healthy condition that makes it dangerous for her to be pregnant. A female intending parent may also be fertile and healthy, but unwilling to undergo pregnancy. 11. Alternatively, the intended parent may be a single male or a male homosexual couple. 12. Surrogates may be relatives, friends, or previous strangers. Many surrogate arrangements are made through agencies that help match up intended parents with women who want to be surrogates for a fee. The agencies often help manage the complex medical and legal aspects involved. Surrogacy arrangements can also be made independently. In compensated surrogacies the amount a surrogate receives varies widely from almost nothing above expenses to over $ 30,000. Careful screening is needed to assure their health as the gestational carrier incurs potential obstetrical risks. 13. In the present case, if any action is to be taken that has to be taken by the Commission. It has a right to inquire into complaints and even to take suo motu notice of matters relating to, (i) deprivation and violation of child rights (ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and (iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities. 14. It appears that till now no complaint has been made by anybody relating to the child, the petitioner in this Court. 15. We, therefore, dispose of this writ petition with a direction that if any person has any grievance, the same can be ventilated before the Commission constituted under the Act. It needs no emphasis that the Commission has to take into account various aspects necessary to be taken note of. 16. Another grievance of the petitioner is that the permission to travel so far as the child is concerned including issuance of a Passport is under consideration of the Central Government; but no orders have been passed in that regard. The other prayer in the petition is with regard to an extension of the visa of the grandmother of the child requesting for such an order. 17. Learned Solicitor General, on instructions, stated that if a comprehensive application, as required under law, is filed within a week, the same shall be disposed of expeditiously and not later than four weeks from the date of receipt of such application. If the petitioner has any grievance in relation to the order to be passed by the Central Government, such remedy, as is available in law may be availed. 18. The writ petition is accordingly disposed of without any order as to costs. All proceedings pending in any High Court relating to the matter which we have dealt with in this petition shall stand disposed of because of this order.  © Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | | | Bottom of Form